English I End Term: 1 September 2024 (May 2024 term)

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

What is the meaning of the phrase ‘synergistic effect’?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Greater reductions in insect population and the loss of more insect species are linked to:

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

How does agricultural development impact insect population and diversity?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Which of the following is NOT an urgent need highlighted by the study?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

How many syllables are there in ‘phenomena’?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

According to a study published in Nature*, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic* effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
Which of the following words can replace ‘magnifying’ without altering the sense of the sentence?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Identify a synonym available in the passage for the word ‘reduction’.

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Find an antonym for ‘expansion’.

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

‘Vice-versa’ is a phrase borrowed from Latin. It means:

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

The word ‘halve’ is used in the title of this passage as:

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Which of the following is NOT TRUE about some sites in Brazil where the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Which of the following is FALSE about the research cited in the passage?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Choose the correct logical sequence [which step would have followed which] of the steps employed by the UCL researchers.
i. Analysed samples to find the number of insect populations and biodiversity in those sites over the course of the last 20 years and found average and maximum temperatures in those sites over the course of the last 20 years.
ii. Collected samples from selected sites over the last 20 years.
iii. Compared changes over time in the insect populations and biodiversity in each site to the average and maximum temperatures as well as to the rubric of land use at each site to draw conclusions.
iv. Categorised the use of land at those sites under three rubrics, namely, as having primary vegetation, low-intensity agriculture, or high-intensity agriculture.

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

Agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade.
In this sentence, the word “even” is:

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions :
Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations
In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects. These phenomena are often linked to the impacts of global climate change and habitat loss due to industrial agriculture. According to a study published in Nature, climate change and agriculture seem to have a synergistic effect on insect biodiversity, with each magnifying the declines caused by the other.
For the study, researchers from University College London (UCL) analysed data from more than 750,000 samples of nearly 18,000 insect species that were collected from 6,000 sites around the world over the last 20 years. They compared changes over time in the samples’ reported numbers on insect populations and biodiversity to the average and maximum temperatures as well as land use at each site. Each area was categorised as having primary vegetation or low or high-intensity agriculture. The researchers found that rising temperatures are linked to greater population reductions and that there was more loss of species in areas where natural habitats were cleared to make room for agriculture than in undeveloped regions. Areas with temperature increases but undisturbed insect habitats, or disturbed habitats but relatively steady temperatures, experienced smaller losses. In high-intensity agriculture areas affected by rising temperatures one standard deviation above baseline fluctuations, such as some sites in Brazil, the number of insects dropped by up to 49 percent, and the number of species present dropped by 27 percent.
“In this case, the habitat loss and climate change can often be worse than if they were acting on their own, as one can make the impact of the other worse and vice versa,” study author and UCL ecologist Charlotte Outhwaite tells the Associated Press. “We’re missing part of the picture if we are only looking at these things individually.” Part of the problem, Outhwaite explains, is that agricultural development reduces tree cover, making rising temperatures even deadlier for insects that are unable to find shade. Those that survive may then migrate to a new area that’s not as well suited to them. “Our findings highlight the urgency of actions to preserve natural habitats, slow the expansion of high-intensity agriculture, and cut emissions to mitigate climate change,” Outhwaite tells BBC News.
Excerpted from:
Robitzski, Dan. “Climate Change and Agriculture Together Halve Insect Populations.” The Scientist, 21 Apr. 2022.

In recent years, researchers have reported alarming decreases in both the population numbers and the diversity of insects.
Which of the following is true about the word “decreases” in this sentence?

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

State true or false.
The article makes use of technical vocabulary related to the profession of law.

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

The language used in this article is:

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

Which of the following is a strategy used by the article to add to its central theme?

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

State true or false.
Readers in India are the intended audience for this article.

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

The purpose of the phrase marked in bold in the sentence below is:
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse.

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

Based on your reading of the quote given below, answer the following question.
“I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
A quote may express an individual’s opinion on an issue, but if this were not a quote, then starting the sentence with “I do think that…” would pose a problem to the tone of the article. What problem would it pose to the tone of the article?

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

Based on your reading of the quote given below, answer the following question.
“I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
This quote conveys speech as it is, and it is therefore made of clauses improperly joined together. Identify the option that has correctly reworked and meaningfully joined together any two clauses in the quote into a standalone sentence. Choose any one option.

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

Based on your reading of the quote given below, answer the following question.
“I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
If one were to restructure this quote into a paragraph that organically fits into the article, in what order should the sentences from [i] to [iv] be arranged to form a coherent and unified paragraph? Note that “they” is used as a plural pronoun in these options.
[i] At a time when the system is overcrowded, judges need to think more about where they are sending a sentenced prisoner.
[ii] The various goals of sentencing do include rehabilitation.
[iii] The overcrowding of the prisons and its consequences should be a matter of priority for the incoming lady Chief Justice, Sue Carr.
[iv] They need to reflect on whether the conditions of the place to which they are sentencing someone would meet these goals.

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

Which of the following is a possible reason for the article’s meticulous mentioning of the designations of the people it quotes?

Read the following article and answer the given subquestions .
More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons
Growing numbers of criminals in England and Wales are being spared jail sentences because of prison overcrowding amid warnings that the problem will get worse. Judges and magistrates are giving people suspended sentences instead of jail terms on the back of guidance that they should take into account the “high prison population”.
Criminals who were given suspended sentences because of prison conditions include an inmate who poured boiling water over a prison guard, but had his six-month custodial sentence quashed, and a drug driver without a licence who had led the police on a high-speed chase.
Mark Beatties, the national chair of the Magistrates Association, said: “The high population is now a factor to be considered when the court is deciding between an immediate custodial sentence or a suspended sentence.”
Andrea Coomber KC, the chief executive of the Howard League for Penal Reform, said: “I do think that judges need to be thinking more about where they’re sentencing when they sentence somebody, where they’re sending them to, and what conditions they’re going to be in and whether that actually meets the various goals of sentencing, which do include rehabilitation, at a time when you have such an overcrowded system. It would be fantastic if the incoming lady Chief Justice [Sue Carr] would prioritise that as something in her inbox.”
Coomber said that the real culprit for prison overcrowding was sentencing inflation, as the judiciary has limited discretion when it comes to sentencing. “Government needs to take greater responsibility for the fact that sentences are getting longer and that they’re the ones doing that,” she said. “We’ve got many more people in that kind of bracket of four to 10 years than we used to have.”
Adapted from: Siddique, Haroon. “More Criminals Spared Jail Owing to Crowded Prisons.” The Guardian, 29 Sep, 2023.

State true or false.
The topic sentence in this article is a question.

Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the verb in the present tense and in appropriate number .
In the picturesque village nestled between the mountains, there __________(1) a small school where dedicated teachers __________(2) young minds. The school __________ (3) an annual cultural festival, and students __________ (4) active participants in the event. Parents __________ (5) invited to witness the talents of their children.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Choose the correct option for blank (1).

Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the verb in the present tense and in appropriate number .
In the picturesque village nestled between the mountains, there __________(1) a small school where dedicated teachers __________(2) young minds. The school __________ (3) an annual cultural festival, and students __________ (4) active participants in the event. Parents __________ (5) invited to witness the talents of their children.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Choose the correct option for blank (2).

Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the verb in the present tense and in appropriate number .
In the picturesque village nestled between the mountains, there __________(1) a small school where dedicated teachers __________(2) young minds. The school __________ (3) an annual cultural festival, and students __________ (4) active participants in the event. Parents __________ (5) invited to witness the talents of their children.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Choose the correct option for blank (3).

Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the verb in the present tense and in appropriate number .
In the picturesque village nestled between the mountains, there __________(1) a small school where dedicated teachers __________(2) young minds. The school __________ (3) an annual cultural festival, and students __________ (4) active participants in the event. Parents __________ (5) invited to witness the talents of their children.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Choose the correct option for blank (4).

Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the verb in the present tense and in appropriate number .
In the picturesque village nestled between the mountains, there __________(1) a small school where dedicated teachers __________(2) young minds. The school __________ (3) an annual cultural festival, and students __________ (4) active participants in the event. Parents __________ (5) invited to witness the talents of their children.
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Choose the correct option for blank (5).

Fill in the blanks in List A with the most contextually appropriate modal verbs in List B.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Rumor was that he _____ run for sheriff when the present one retired.
Context: To express speculative possibility with a great degree of uncertainty.

Fill in the blanks in List A with the most contextually appropriate modal verbs in List B.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

They _____ get a ride on the milk truck.
Context: To show an opportunity

Fill in the blanks in List A with the most contextually appropriate modal verbs in List B.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

You _____ have let me through.
Context: To talk about ability in the past.

Fill in the blanks in List A with the most contextually appropriate modal verbs in List B.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

You _____ go to the doctor.
Context: To advise someone about the ideal course of action.

Fill in the blanks in List A with the most contextually appropriate modal verbs in List B.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

No part of this text _____ be reproduced.
Context: To give or deny permission in a formal sense.

Read the following telephone conversation and answer the given subquestions: A: Hello! Brizbee Customer Services. (i) ___________
B: Hi! I want to speak in connection with the replacement of an item that I had ordered a few days ago. The order number is IM349520.
A: I’m afraid I can’t hear you (ii) ___________
B: Order number IM349520.
A: It is still not audible. (iii) __________
B: Alright. I’m (iv) __________ for now. I (v) _____.

Which of these is the appropriate phrase for blank (i).

Read the following telephone conversation and answer the given subquestions: A: Hello! Brizbee Customer Services. (i) ___________
B: Hi! I want to speak in connection with the replacement of an item that I had ordered a few days ago. The order number is IM349520.
A: I’m afraid I can’t hear you (ii) ___________
B: Order number IM349520.
A: It is still not audible. (iii) __________
B: Alright. I’m (iv) __________ for now. I (v) _____.

Which of these is the appropriate phrase for blank (ii).

Read the following telephone conversation and answer the given subquestions: A: Hello! Brizbee Customer Services. (i) ___________
B: Hi! I want to speak in connection with the replacement of an item that I had ordered a few days ago. The order number is IM349520.
A: I’m afraid I can’t hear you (ii) ___________
B: Order number IM349520.
A: It is still not audible. (iii) __________
B: Alright. I’m (iv) __________ for now. I (v) _____.

Which of these is the appropriate phrase for blank (iii).

Read the following telephone conversation and answer the given subquestions: A: Hello! Brizbee Customer Services. (i) ___________
B: Hi! I want to speak in connection with the replacement of an item that I had ordered a few days ago. The order number is IM349520.
A: I’m afraid I can’t hear you (ii) ___________
B: Order number IM349520.
A: It is still not audible. (iii) __________
B: Alright. I’m (iv) __________ for now. I (v) _____.

Which among the following is an appropriate response for blank (iv)?

Read the following telephone conversation and answer the given subquestions: A: Hello! Brizbee Customer Services. (i) ___________
B: Hi! I want to speak in connection with the replacement of an item that I had ordered a few days ago. The order number is IM349520.
A: I’m afraid I can’t hear you (ii) ___________
B: Order number IM349520.
A: It is still not audible. (iii) __________
B: Alright. I’m (iv) __________ for now. I (v) _____.

Which among the following is an appropriate response for blank (v)?

‘Since last month, there has been a decrease in the amount of cereals sold for the same price.’ Choose the appropriate stress for the usage of the word ‘decrease’ in the sentence.

How many syllables are there in the word tremendous?

How many syllables are there in the word extract?

Which /p/ sound in the word people is aspirated?

Identify the noun in the following sentence.
Summer is very hot.

Identify the grammatically correct sentence from the options given.

Identify the grammatically correct sentence from the options given .

In the plural noun challenges, the plural marker sounds as ________.

The Chief Minister, together with his secretary, ___________ the foreign delegation.

Choose the right answer.
What are you talking _________?

Rafiq cannot take sides when his friends fight. He’s always sitting on the fence.
Is the idiom used correctly?

‘He spent too long deciding which university to go to and missed the boat.’
The sense conveyed by the sentence above is:

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate idiom from the given options.
Ipshita did not go to class because she was _____.

Can you give me __ money?

The President and the Vice President ___visited the monument.

In the sentence, ‘Don’t talk so loudly’, the word **‘**loudly’ is used as an _____.

You don’t need to get upset______ these little things.

He drives at a speed of 90 miles _______ hour.

Do you know _____ the magician performed the trick?

Which semi-vowel occurs in the transition between the words ‘the’ and ‘other’ in the sentence ‘that was the other question’?