Question 1

**Part A (Multiple Choice Questions): Each question has four choices, out of which only one is** **the correct answer.**(12×3=36 marks)\ 1\. Consider the following images and select the correct option. Colour words (blue, yellow, red, purple, black) printed in matching colours (Image 1) and mismatched colours (Image 2) A. Image 1 has a faster response due to the absence of the Stroop effect.\ B. Image 1 has a slower response due to the presence of the Stroop effect.\ C. Image 2 has a slower response due to the absence of the Stroop effect.\ D. Image 2 has a faster response due to the presence of the Stroop effect.\ 2\. Consider the figures given below and select the correct statements with respect to visual search. Image A (dark green dots on light green with one grey dot) and Image B (yellow dots on white with one dark dot) A. Search in Image A is easier than in Image B\ B. Search in Image B is easier than in Image A\ C. Both images lead to equally effective search\ D. None of the above.\ 3\. The ability of the mind to perceive elements that are closer together as more related than elements that are farther apart represents which of the following given gestalt laws of perceptual organization? Figure from the original question paper A. Similarity\ B. Proximity\ C. Continuity\ D. Common fate\ 4\.The following image used the Gestalt principle: Breaking Bad cast names with element symbols boxed (Cr, Na, Pa, N, Ra) A. Connection\ B. Figure Ground\ C. Continuity\ D. Enclosure\ 5\. Which of the following best describes the concept of selection bias in data and analysis? A. The tendency to favor information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.\ B. The unintentional exclusion of certain groups or data points, leading to a skewed\ representation of the overall population.\ C. The systematic error introduced by relying solely on qualitative data in the analysis. D. The inclination to give more weight to recent data when making decisions.\ 6\. Which of the following images correctly represents the semantically resonant colour assignments? Figure from the original question paper A. Image 1 and 2\ B. Image 2 and 4\ C. Image 3 and 4\ D. Image 1 and 3\ 7\. What is a potential disadvantage of using Chernoff faces in data visualization?\ A. Subjectivity in perception\ B. Effective for categorical data\ C. Enhanced expressiveness\ D. Low sensitivity to scale\ 8\. When depicting the progression of project completion percentages over time, which approach adheres to Weber's law and contributes to clearer data understanding?\ A. Applying animation effects to data transitions.\ B. Increasing the data resolution to show more decimal places.\ C. Using a monochromatic color scheme to reduce visual complexity.\ D. Maintaining proportional relationships between data points with uniform axis scaling. 9\. When designing a bar chart to showcase sales performance, what can be a practical application of the pop-out effect?\ A. Making all bars the same length for consistency.\ B. Using a consistent color palette for each bar.\ C. Applying a darker shade to the best-performing bar.\ D. Avoiding axis scaling to maintain proportionality.\ 10\. You have data on the distribution of income levels in a given region. The insights include that the top 15% of earners contribute to 70% of the total income, and the bottom 30% of earners make up only 10% of the total income. Considering this complexity, which data visualization approach would be most suitable?\ A. A bar chart comparing the total income of each percentile group.\ B. A radar chart illustrating the income distribution across various sectors.\ C. A heatmap displaying income brackets with corresponding percentages.\ D. A bubble chart showing the relationship between income and education levels.\ 11\. In a study evaluating the effectiveness of a new drug, researchers, aiming for acceptance at an industry-sponsored conference, choose to emphasize positive outcomes and downplay less favorable results. What bias is likely introduced in this scenario?\ A. Observer Bias\ B. Selection Bias\ C. Publication Bias\ D. Sampling Bias\ 12\. Imagine you are analyzing the energy consumption patterns of a city over a 24-hour period, considering factors like peak hours and variations in electricity usage. Which type of data visualization chart would be most suitable for representing this continuous data and highlighting the nighttime hours when energy demand is typically lower?\ A. Pie Chart\ B. Bar Chart\ C. Scatter Plot\ D. Nightingale Chart **Part B (Multiple Select Questions): Each question has four choices, out of which one or more** **than one is/are the correct answer.**(8×4=32 marks)\ 1\. Refer to the image given below and select the correct statements with respect to the edge detection mechanism of a human eye. Figure from the original question paper A. Increased eye activity at A and E\ B. Increased eye activity at B and D\ C. Decreased eye activity at A and C\ D. Increased eye activity at C and E\ 2\. Which of the following is/are true for mode, as a measure of central tendencies?\ A. It is the most commonly used descriptive statistic.\ B. It can be applied to non-numeric values.\ C. It is the measure of how dispersed the data are from their mean.\ D. It is the value that appears most often in a data set.\ 3\. Which of the following statements is/are correct with respect to how a human eye detects information?\ A. Our visual system constructs surface colour based largely on edge contrast information. B. Our visual system sees absolute values and is therefore attracted to edges.\ C. We have higher contrast sensitivity in the chrominance than in the luminance channel. D. Our visual system corrects (misreads) information based on perceived visual properties 4\. Consider the nature of the following variables; which are more likely to represent nominal data? (Select all that apply)\ A. Survey participants' ages\ B. Smartphone brands used by individuals\ C. Movie critics' ratings\ D. Mathematics competition scores\ 5\. Which of the following gestalt principles are used in the figure given below? Black and white illustration of a woman's figure formed by flying crows A. Common Fate\ B. Proximity\ C. Closure\ D. Symmetry\ E. Figure and Ground\ 6\. Select all the options that accurately describe aspects related to collider bias in data and analysis.\ A) It occurs when the selection of data points is influenced by a common effect.\ B) Collider bias can distort the relationship between variables in a dataset.\ C) It is more likely to occur in randomized controlled trials.\ D) Correcting for collider bias involves adjusting the analysis to account for the common effect. 7\. Which of the following principles align with Tufte's emphasis on "chartjunk" avoidance? A. Incorporating detailed annotations\ B. Reducing redundant decorations\ C. Using complex color schemes\ D. Including gridlines based on the data's needs\ 8\. In a comprehensive study into the career trajectories of individuals, which practices might inadvertently introduce survivorship bias? (Select all that apply)\ A. Analyzing data exclusively from individuals who have achieved notable success.\ B. Considering data solely from individuals who have encountered significant setbacks. C. Omitting information about individuals who withdrew or left the study prematurely. D. Concentrating solely on immediate, short-term career outcomes. **Part C – Short Answer Questions: Write 250-300 words answers to each question. Answer** **using pen \& paper using the paper provided to you.**(2×16=32 marks) Dot plot "Working Women Misrepresented Across the Board" comparing Stable Diffusion results to US demographics by occupation Two scatter plots "As Income Increases, So Does the Share of Lighter-Skinned Men" (skin tone and gender proportion vs average income by occupation) 1\. Study the 2 charts given above. They appeared as part of an article on a study of the bias rooted in the data that drive the text-to-image generative AI models. An analysis of more than 5,000 images created with Stable Diffusion found that it takes racial and gender disparities to extremes — worse than those found in the real world. Explain in detail what analysis and conclusions are presented in the 2 charts, and how it is supported (effectively or not) using the visualizations. 2\. Using rough sketches (need not be to scale), present an alternative design for each of the visualizations. Explain how your charts are more effective than the originals.