English I Qualifier: 22 December 2024 (September 2024 term)

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Choose from the options the word that matches the meaning of ridicule.

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. The underlined word indicates_________.

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. What does repulsion mean?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Which word denotes ‘doing things suddenly and without careful thought’?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Which of the following did the Wright brothers NOT do?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Lilienthal’s idea was repellent to the Wright brothers. Find a suitable word to replace the underlined word.

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

How did Lilienthal control his gliders?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

What was the reason behind their inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces.
Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word reliable?

Read the following passage and answer the given subquestions:
Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first powered flight on December 17, 1903, were excited and impressed, others reacted with peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine, impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation. Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of Otto Lilienthal, the brother's interest in flight grew into a compulsion. Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however, and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led them to abandon their efforts. After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for them to design a machine that would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than one thousand dollars. The Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of aviation.

Which of the following words is similar in meaning to the word revoked?

Match the words in List A with those in List B that are similar in meaning to them.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Whim

Match the words in List A with those in List B that are similar in meaning to them.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Warmth

Match the words in List A with those in List B that are similar in meaning to them.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Welt

Match the words in List A with those in List B that are similar in meaning to them.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Wage

Match the words in List A with those in List B that are similar in meaning to them.

Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.

Wilt

Read the following telephonic conversation and fill in the blanks with appropriate responses in the given subquestions.
Arun: Good morning Ms.Girija!
Class Teacher: Good morning! (i)_________________
Arun: I am Arun Srinivasan. I am the class monitor of the class of which you are the class teacher, 6E.
Class Teacher: Oh yes, Arun! I could not recognise your voice. The audio (ii) ____________ Arun: Is the audio better now, ma’am?
Class Teacher: Yes yes, tell me. (iii) _________________
Arun: Ma’am, I wanted to check your availability for scheduling the PTA meeting. (iv) __________ the slot from 2 PM, on the 28th of this month?
Class Teacher: Let me check my schedule… Yes, I am free in that slot. You can confirm it. Arun: Thanks a lot, ma’am. I will schedule the meeting for that slot and send out an email to the class.
Class Teacher: Sure, go ahead. (v) ______________ Arun?
Arun: No ma’am. Thanks for your time!
Class Teacher: You are welcome, Arun. See you on Monday.

Fill in the blank (i) with an appropriate response.

Read the following telephonic conversation and fill in the blanks with appropriate responses in the given subquestions.
Arun: Good morning Ms.Girija!
Class Teacher: Good morning! (i)_________________
Arun: I am Arun Srinivasan. I am the class monitor of the class of which you are the class teacher, 6E.
Class Teacher: Oh yes, Arun! I could not recognise your voice. The audio (ii) ____________ Arun: Is the audio better now, ma’am?
Class Teacher: Yes yes, tell me. (iii) _________________
Arun: Ma’am, I wanted to check your availability for scheduling the PTA meeting. (iv) __________ the slot from 2 PM, on the 28th of this month?
Class Teacher: Let me check my schedule… Yes, I am free in that slot. You can confirm it. Arun: Thanks a lot, ma’am. I will schedule the meeting for that slot and send out an email to the class.
Class Teacher: Sure, go ahead. (v) ______________ Arun?
Arun: No ma’am. Thanks for your time!
Class Teacher: You are welcome, Arun. See you on Monday.

Fill in the blank (ii) with an appropriate response.

Read the following telephonic conversation and fill in the blanks with appropriate responses in the given subquestions.
Arun: Good morning Ms.Girija!
Class Teacher: Good morning! (i)_________________
Arun: I am Arun Srinivasan. I am the class monitor of the class of which you are the class teacher, 6E.
Class Teacher: Oh yes, Arun! I could not recognise your voice. The audio (ii) ____________ Arun: Is the audio better now, ma’am?
Class Teacher: Yes yes, tell me. (iii) _________________
Arun: Ma’am, I wanted to check your availability for scheduling the PTA meeting. (iv) __________ the slot from 2 PM, on the 28th of this month?
Class Teacher: Let me check my schedule… Yes, I am free in that slot. You can confirm it. Arun: Thanks a lot, ma’am. I will schedule the meeting for that slot and send out an email to the class.
Class Teacher: Sure, go ahead. (v) ______________ Arun?
Arun: No ma’am. Thanks for your time!
Class Teacher: You are welcome, Arun. See you on Monday.

Fill in the blank (iii) with an appropriate response.

Read the following telephonic conversation and fill in the blanks with appropriate responses in the given subquestions.
Arun: Good morning Ms.Girija!
Class Teacher: Good morning! (i)_________________
Arun: I am Arun Srinivasan. I am the class monitor of the class of which you are the class teacher, 6E.
Class Teacher: Oh yes, Arun! I could not recognise your voice. The audio (ii) ____________ Arun: Is the audio better now, ma’am?
Class Teacher: Yes yes, tell me. (iii) _________________
Arun: Ma’am, I wanted to check your availability for scheduling the PTA meeting. (iv) __________ the slot from 2 PM, on the 28th of this month?
Class Teacher: Let me check my schedule… Yes, I am free in that slot. You can confirm it. Arun: Thanks a lot, ma’am. I will schedule the meeting for that slot and send out an email to the class.
Class Teacher: Sure, go ahead. (v) ______________ Arun?
Arun: No ma’am. Thanks for your time!
Class Teacher: You are welcome, Arun. See you on Monday.

Fill in the blank (iv) with an appropriate response.

Read the following telephonic conversation and fill in the blanks with appropriate responses in the given subquestions.
Arun: Good morning Ms.Girija!
Class Teacher: Good morning! (i)_________________
Arun: I am Arun Srinivasan. I am the class monitor of the class of which you are the class teacher, 6E.
Class Teacher: Oh yes, Arun! I could not recognise your voice. The audio (ii) ____________ Arun: Is the audio better now, ma’am?
Class Teacher: Yes yes, tell me. (iii) _________________
Arun: Ma’am, I wanted to check your availability for scheduling the PTA meeting. (iv) __________ the slot from 2 PM, on the 28th of this month?
Class Teacher: Let me check my schedule… Yes, I am free in that slot. You can confirm it. Arun: Thanks a lot, ma’am. I will schedule the meeting for that slot and send out an email to the class.
Class Teacher: Sure, go ahead. (v) ______________ Arun?
Arun: No ma’am. Thanks for your time!
Class Teacher: You are welcome, Arun. See you on Monday.

Fill in the blank (v) with an appropriate response.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate option.
The meaning of the phrasal verb ‘rule out ’ is _____________.

Select true or false for the following statement.
The idiom ‘to hear on the grapevine’ means ‘to hear a rumour or an unconfirmed story.’

Choose the correct option.
___________ you play with us?

Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.
The movie is starting now.

Select the appropriate option.
The adjective formed from the word 'hope' is ____.

Choose the correct answer.
Much of the information found online ______ often misleading.

Identify the part of speech of the underlined word.
He is the best football player in the team.

Fill in the blank with an appropriate article:
We were not in _____ hurry to go to school.

Fill in the blank with an appropriate article:
Alisha knows how to play _____ guitar.

Choose the appropriate option.
You can _______ phone numbers in a directory.

Choose the word with /u/ sound from the following:

How do you pronounce the word 'blast'?

Which among the following is a word without a diphthong?

Which semi-vowel occurs in the transition between the words She and advised in the sentence ‘She advised him to stay home.’?

Pause is like a punctuation mark to spoken language.

Answer whether true or false.
/w/ and /y/ are monophthongs.

Which of the following sentences makes use of a phrase that means “to be difficult to understand”? Focus on the underlined parts of the sentence.

Fill in the blank with the appropriate option.
My father _________ in a wheelchair.

Identify the underlined part of the sentence.
Ramya can literally live on fish tacos.

‘I can’t swim’. ‘Can’t ’ here denotes ____.